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職稱英語考試綜合類語法分析
引導語:為了幫助各位考生更好的備考,下面小編為大家整理精選了職稱英語考試綜合類語法分析,希望能幫助到大家,謝謝您的閱讀。
一、非謂語動詞的句法功能:
一個典型的句子共有以下五個基本成分:
主語 謂語 賓語 定語 狀語
這里要討論的是當英語中的一個動詞處在主語、賓語、定語和狀語位置時怎么處理,即非謂語成分時怎么處理。
1.主語:
首先,"to do" 和 "-ing"形式具有名詞性,"-ed "不具備名詞性。也就是說,"to do" 和 "-ing"可以做主語,例如:
To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing. (= It is not an easy thing to learn English.)
Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing.
問題是這兩種表達方式有沒有區別。語法上沒有對或錯的區別,因此不是語法考試的重點
一般講,"to do"較具體的行為或狀態,"-ing"表示較籠統的概念,如"學習外語對我來說并非易事"一般用"to do"來表達:To learn a foreign language. is not an easy thing for me. (或:It is not an easy thing for me to learn a foreign language.)
從應試角度講,只要記住下面兩個特殊句型就可以了:
It is no use (或good) + ing結構,例如:
It is no use quarreling with her. (和她爭吵沒有用。考試時不要選to quarrel with her)
There is no + ing 結構,例如:
There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles in the world today.(不可否認,在當今世界上,婦女正發揮越來越重要的作用。)
There is no joking about this matter. (這事開不得玩笑。)
2.賓語
如上所述,非謂語動詞"to do"或"-ing"當主語時,沒有特別的語法要求。但是,當賓語時,就有一個用"to do"還是"-ing"的問題。大家還記得這個規定嗎?如果忘了,請復習"第二講"中"五個基本句型"的"第三句型".這是考試的一個重點。在以往的職稱考試中,此項一般要占2-3道題目。
關于非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的問題,請復習"第二講"中"五個基本句型"的"第五句型".
3.定語
也就是做名詞的修飾語。只要牢記本講"非謂語動詞的時態和語態意義"一節中的內容,就不難理解非謂語動詞做定語的問題。非謂語動詞做定語,本質上是"定語從句",例如:
Where is the house built last year?
= Where is the house that(或which)was built last year (去年建造的那棟房子哪兒去了?)
Do you see the house being built there ?
= Do you see the house that (或which) is being built there?(看見那邊那棟正在建造的房子了嗎?)
The house to be built next month will be our dorm.
= The house that (或which) will be built (或that is to be built) next month will be our dorm.(下月要建造的那棟房子將是我們的宿舍。)
也就是說,只要把握好"時間狀語"和"語態(先行詞與動詞的關系)",非謂語動詞做定語的考試選項比較容易,出題幾率也比較低。
有人可能會問:
I have a letter to write 和I have a letter to be written兩個句子中的黑體部分都是做"letter"的定語,為什么一個用主動,另一個用被動語態。一般來說,當動詞(write)的行為者就是句子的主語(I)時,用主動語態。因此,這兩個句子的內涵是有些區別的。但由于考試形式的局限性,一般不會考這種區別的。
下面把非謂語動詞中其他幾個重要問題用實例說明一下:
關于"不定式"作后置狀語的舉例(注意黑體字部分的表達形式):
1) She was so angry as to be unable to speak. (她氣得連話都說不出來了。)
2) I don't know her well enough to ask her for help.(我與她不太熟悉,不便請她幫忙。)
3) She was too angry to say anything.(她氣得什么都說不出來了。)
4) I'm only too glad to help you.
注意與例3)的區別:only too與happy, pleased, glad 等詞使用時,表示"非常":我非常愿意幫助你(能幫助你真是太高興了)。
5) We waited in the train for nearly three hours, only to be told that the appointment had been canceled. (only to…表示意想不到的結果:我們在雨中等了近3個小時,結果被告知約會取消了。)
6) To be fair, he has been working very hard recently.(公平地說,他最近工作一直非常努力。類似的表達方式還有:
to tell the truth(說實話), to be frank(老實說),to go without saying (不用說 / 毫無疑問) 等。
關于分詞做后置狀語的舉例 (注意括號中句子的演變過程):
1) She received an E-mail from her brother, saying that her mother was seriously ill. (她收到她兄弟發來的一份電子郵件,(郵件上)說她母親病得很厲害。= She received an E-mail from her brother, which(= an E-mail)said that her mother was seriously ill)
2) Serious infection may develop in some patients, resulting in death. (有些病人會發生嚴重感染,導致死亡。(= Serious infection may develop in some patients, which results in death.)
3) The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager. (客人在經理陪同下走進辦公室。 = The guests entered the office, who were accompanied by the manager.)
關于"動詞不定式"的補充說明:
1) 前面講到:"動詞不定式"的完成式表示過去時,它常在以下句型中出現:
(主語)+ be said / reported / believed / supposed to have (been) done
(主語)+ seem to have (been) done
(主語)+ be likely to have (been) done
當考試時看到這樣的句型出現,首先要考慮是否是"動詞不定式"的完成式
2) 注意"動詞不定式" to與介詞to的區別,即:是to + 動詞,還是to + 名詞或動名詞(-ing)。"第二講五個基本句型"中已經提到:object to / look forward to / be (get) accustomed (used) to / be subjected to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / agree to等中的to是介詞。
當考試時看到這樣的表達方式出現,首先要考慮選擇-ing形式(一般不會給純名詞形式)
關于on + ing 形式和with (without) + 分詞獨立主格結構
1)on + ing 形式:一般將介詞on + -ing形式理解為"分詞"(要有行為主體)而不是"動名詞",意為 "當…時","一…就…",相當于when 或as soon as,例如:
On hearing the news, she burst into tears. (一聽到這個消息,她一下子哭了起來。)
錯:On arriving in Beijing, it began to rain heavily. (一到北京,就開始下起大雨來了。)
由于句子的主語it并不是arriving的行為主體,該句語法不成立。可以改為:
No sooner had we arrived in Beijing than it began to rain heavily.
2) with (without) + 分詞獨立主格結構
She fell asleep with the lamp burning. (她開著燈誰著了。)
Almost every day the kids returned home with their hands and faces covered with mud and sweat.(孩子們幾乎每天回家時手上臉上都是泥和汗。)
當這樣的獨立主格結構中的動詞為 "be" 動詞時,往往省略,例如:
Every day the old teacher entered the classroom, with a poor bag under his arm. (每天,這位老教師夾著個破包走進教室。= with a poor bag being under his arm)
關于-ing和-ed形容詞
當一個動詞后面加上-ing或-ed就可以是一個形容詞,其基本概念還是-ing為主動語態,-ed為被動語態,例如:a sleeping child (一個正在睡覺的孩子),a wounded soldier (一個受傷的戰士) .
一些帶有感情色彩的動詞,由于人的感情是"被刺激"后產生的,故一般用-ed形式,而外界的刺激物則用-ing形式,例如:I was moved deeply; the film was really moving. (我深受感動;這部電影真是感人。)
the + 形容詞(包括-ed形容詞)→ 名詞(可以是單數,也可以是復數), 例如:
the wounded (傷員)/ the disabled(殘疾人)
關于現在分詞和動名詞
如前所述,現代語法并不強調現在分詞和動名詞的區別,建議學生"忘掉"動名詞,特別是應試。但記住下面的規定:
She regrets ______ idle when (she was) young. (她后悔年輕時無所事事。)
A. to have been
B. her being
C. her having being
D. having been
解題思路:1)regret后一般接ing形式,除非regret to tell / say, 故A不能選;2)當動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致時,不要再加邏輯主語了,故正確答案為D,比較:Tom insisted on my going with him. (Tom堅持要我和他一起去。)
非謂語動詞講了這么多內容,解題時始終不忘:
1) 分清過去、現在和將來;
2) 分清主動與被動;
3) 動詞不定式的完成式表示過去時;
4) 見"for"要用完成式;
5) 否定式not要放在to / -ing / -ed的前面
只要記住以上要點,非謂語動詞的解題就不會出大的問題。
二. 動詞
從一定意義上講,英語語法就是動詞的語法,因此,掌握動詞的特性、變化、句型是學習英語語法的重中之重。為了能更好地理解下面的講課內容,首先要搞清動詞的幾個基本概念。
1) be 動詞和do動詞:be動詞也稱狀態動詞,用于說明狀態或性質,主要用于構成英語的主系表句型;do動詞也稱為行為動詞,分及物動詞和不及物動詞;
2) 及物動詞和不及物動詞:不及物動詞后面不跟賓語, 也沒有被動語態; 及物動詞后面一定要有賓語;
3) 雙賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語)結構和復合賓語(賓語 + 賓語補足語)結構:比較下面兩個句子:
My mother made me a cake.(母親給我做了塊蛋糕。)
My father made me a doctor. (父親把我培養成一名醫生。)
第一句是雙賓語結構,即 My mother made a cake for me.
第二句是復合賓語結構,其句法功能為:My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 說明復合賓語結構中,賓語和賓語補足語之間有"主謂關系".
4) 情態動詞:must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等動詞稱為情態動詞,有三大特征:A. 不受主語人稱和數的影響,如:He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不變;B. 否定時在后面加not, 如:You ought not to have cheated her. C. 與另一動詞連用,中間不用 + " to ", 如上舉例。
請根據上述原則,(從語法角度)說出以下那種表達方式是對的:
A. She needs to see a doctor.
B. She doesn't need to see a doctor.
C. Does she need to see a doctor?
D. She needs not see a doctor.
E. She needn't see a doctor.
F. She doesn't need see a doctor.
G. She needs see a doctor.
從語法角度看,A、B、C、E是對的。
5) 助動詞:幫助實意動詞構成某種結構的詞,如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.(他昨天確實來了;我在辦公室見到他的。—— 表示強調)
三. 五個基本句型
根據動詞的特性,構成英語中五個基本句型:
1) 主語 + 系動詞 + 表語
2) 主語 + 不及物動詞 (+ 其他成分)
3) 主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語
4) 主語 + 及物動詞 + 雙賓語
5) 主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語
我們在學習5個基本句型時,主要關心每個句型中的出題點在哪里。
(一)第一句型:主語 + 系動詞 + 表語
1) 系動詞一般為be 動詞。
注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等詞可以作"半系動詞"用,按行為動詞方式變化,起系動詞的作用。
試驗比較:
—— He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但沒有找到一分錢。—— feel為行為動詞)
—— You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你臉色蒼白,感到不舒服?—— look / feel為系動詞)
一般來說,動詞后面跟的是個形容詞或名詞,該動詞為系動詞, 如:The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
實例:
"Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it ______ normal." (脈搏正常)
A. is felt
B. is feeling
C. feels
D. felt
解題思路:normal為形容詞,前面應為系動詞;系動詞沒有被動語態,故A不對; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系動詞一般不用進行時,B也不對;D時態錯了,故正確答案為C.
2)there be是英語中非常重要的一個句型: there是引導詞,不解釋 "那里"; 這是個倒裝句, 主語在be動詞的后面, be動詞的單復數由后面的主語決定。
注意中國學生容易搞錯的問題:
There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房間里家具不夠)
錯:There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫無疑問,中國已消滅天花。)
錯:It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分證據表明,愛滋病正在亞洲迅速蔓延。—— 同位語從句)
錯:It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以: It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主語從句)
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