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托福寫作寫一半忘詞了
在托福寫作的時(shí)候,相信每個(gè)人都有過尷尬的忘詞經(jīng)歷。想用的那個(gè)詞就在腦子里,但是就是想不出來,急到滿頭大汗。我們先不說什么詞匯量扎實(shí)不扎實(shí)多不多的問題,今天yjbys小編就給大家?guī)讉(gè)救急的方法!拯救大家于水火之中...
下面是三種簡便易行的應(yīng)急措施可能對你會(huì)有所幫助。
1.試用籠統(tǒng)詞
英語語言中籠統(tǒng)詞有have, take 等,籠統(tǒng)詞的重要特點(diǎn)在于意義廣泛,搭配性強(qiáng),構(gòu)成詞組后可以替代眾多具體動(dòng)詞。雖然不能精確表達(dá)一個(gè)動(dòng)作,卻能大致表達(dá)意思。在一些具體動(dòng)詞寫不出來的時(shí)候,用這些籠統(tǒng)詞取代,也能收到異曲同工的效果。
例如:我經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)極其艱苦的時(shí)代。
I experienced a terrible hard time.
這一句中,experience被遺忘時(shí),用have代替,成為:I had a terrible hard time. 其效果及表達(dá)的意義決不亞于第一句。這樣的例子還很多。如:
Do you understand my meaning, sir? = Do you take my meaning, sir?
I will preside over the meeting. = I will take the meeting.
I will subscribe to the local newspaper. = I will take the local newspaper.
They occupied the city. = They took the city.
The boy resembles his father. = The boy takes after his father.
從以上的例句不難看出,具體詞音節(jié)較多,使用頻率不高,容易遺忘,而籠統(tǒng)詞則不然。因此,在作文應(yīng)試中,籠統(tǒng)詞取代具體詞,不失為一種應(yīng)急良策。
2.聯(lián)想有關(guān)詞匯
當(dāng)遺忘產(chǎn)生時(shí),或遇到未曾學(xué)過的詞時(shí),應(yīng)采取放射性思維,發(fā)揮想象力,想出一切與之有關(guān)的單詞,利用語言的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,多層次,多角度地運(yùn)用語言。一般情況下,聯(lián)想可按下列思路進(jìn)行:1聯(lián)想同義詞;2聯(lián)想反義詞。
英語語言中眾多的同義詞在許多情況下是可以通用的。利用這一規(guī)律,由于某個(gè)單詞受阻而影響全篇寫作的情況便不會(huì)出現(xiàn)。試看下列句子:
I had a nightmare last night. = I had a bad dream last night.
Nightmare 使用頻率不太高,因此不太好記。而其同義詞bad dream 卻很容易記。以后者取代前者絲毫不影響原句的意義。再比如:I don‘t understand this word. 也可以說成 I don’t know this word.
另外:
He is stupid. = He is foolish. = He is a fool. = He is silly.
The food is delicious. = The food is tasty. = The food is nice to eat.
They discontinued the work at five. = They stopped the work at five.
His temper is nasty. = His temper is terrible. = He has a bad temper.
英語語言中詞與詞之間是有聯(lián)系的,詞與詞之間語義的“共核”現(xiàn)象即所謂的同義詞。豐富的同義詞給我們提供了極大的方便。
同樣,用其反義詞來取代某一遺忘了的詞也是可行的,請看下面的例子:
He is stubborn. = He is not tame.
The knife is blunt. = The knife is not sharp.
This is expensive. = This is not cheap.
She is talkative. = She is never quiet.
3. 試用解釋性語句
語言的功能在于表達(dá),而表達(dá)的方式是多種多樣的。當(dāng)一個(gè)詞影響到可以溝通。英語當(dāng)中多功能解釋性語句,就可以起到這一作用。請看下面的句子:
He is a dumb. = He is a person who cannot speak.
He refused. = He said “no”。
I’ve never seen such a stubborn person. = I’ve never seen such a person who never listens to other‘s advice.
解釋性語句能幫助我們巧妙地避開一些大詞,難詞,又能使意思表達(dá)流暢,不失為一聰明之舉。比較下面兩篇文章:
(1)、
Examination is a common headache to students all over the world. They all detest is, but all being domineered by it. It represents a trial; the grade its verdict.
Nowadays, examination has become a popular form of testing. It almost can dominate one‘s future. I am not exaggerating; for you all know it is true. If we want to obtain a diploma, we must first pass the exams. If we do not have a diploma, we may not find a job easily. That is the reason why all students are nervous and pale when they are sitting for an important examination which may concern their future.
But as long as examination is on its peak of power, we must be philosophical of it. Do not always think of the harm that it brings, but think of the good it may do to us. If we do not have exams, we may indulge ourselves in other things instead of books. Exams have to always drive us on. What is wrong for learning more and thoroughly?
(2)、
Examination is a common headache to students all over the world. They all dislike it (hate it), but all being ruled by it. It is a trial; the grade its decision.
Nowadays, examination has become a popular form of testing. It almost can control one‘s future. I am telling the truth, for you all know it is true. If we want to get a graduation paper, we may not find a job easily. That is the reason why all students are nervous and pale when they are sitting for an important examination which may have something to do with their future.
But as long as examination is on its highest point of power, we must have a calm attitude to it. Do not always think of the harm that it brings, but think of the good it may do to us. If we do not have exams, we may spend our time on other things instead of books. Exams have to always drive us on. What is wrong for learning more and deeply?
比較兩篇文章,第一篇短小精干,用詞準(zhǔn)確,不失為一篇優(yōu)秀作文。而第二篇全篇采用最普通的詞匯,意思同樣清楚,也不失得體,流暢。
作文的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一般側(cè)重于能清楚地表達(dá)意義,段落,層次有系統(tǒng)性,語法正確,而并不過分強(qiáng)調(diào)用詞的精確度。因此作文應(yīng)試的要領(lǐng)應(yīng)該是快捷、清楚、流暢。所以,就考試而言,碰到難詞或遺忘詞時(shí),過分地把時(shí)間花在“鉆牛角尖”上是不明智的,而應(yīng)該采取靈活的思維方法、迂回的戰(zhàn)術(shù),運(yùn)用簡單、易記的詞匯及表達(dá)方式,從而能夠運(yùn)用有限的詞匯作出美妙的文章,輕松自如地駕馭語言,把握時(shí)機(jī),以聰明克服缺陷,以機(jī)智靈巧克服學(xué)究式的笨拙,以少勝多,最大限度地發(fā)揮自己的潛能。
仿寫也是有效的練習(xí)
英語寫作有什么練習(xí)訣竅?練習(xí)英語寫作并不完全是“熟能生巧”,而是要從每一篇練習(xí)中體會(huì)整篇布局和英語寫作的思維,在做這種有效練習(xí)的時(shí)候,找一篇好的范文來模仿才事半功倍。"
關(guān)于寫作,很多同學(xué)都問過這個(gè)問題:如果我堅(jiān)持用英語寫日記,對提高英語寫作有幫助嗎?
幫助是有的,不過不像一些人想象的那么大。因?yàn)槿绻覀兠看螌懽鞫荚谕徽Z言水平寫,而不注意隨時(shí)的積累,提高速度就會(huì)比較緩慢。不過,還有種人走另一個(gè)極端,就是覺得自己寫的不好,所以就從不動(dòng)手寫文章?偸亲约簮炛^寫和總是仰著頭不寫,這兩種方式都不可取。最好的辦法就是邊學(xué)邊寫。
這里推薦大家采用一種行之有效的練習(xí)方法,就是模仿寫作。模仿寫作類似于、但不同于漢譯英。模仿寫作要求文章本身是原汁原味的英語文章,同時(shí)有比較地道的漢語翻譯。
在訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候,先不要看英語原文,而是看著翻譯過來的漢語,先把它翻回英文。之后再和英語原文對照。有比較就有鑒別。通過這種比較,我們就能夠感覺出,同樣一個(gè)意思,人家用那個(gè)詞,那樣的句型表達(dá),為什么比自己寫的好。這比單純的背誦人家寫好的英語范文,或者自己埋頭苦寫,不去積累,效果要好很多。這個(gè)方法很簡單,但對于提高寫作水平非常有效。
寫作中重要的構(gòu)成因素,除了語言以外,謀篇布局的邏輯其實(shí)是很重要的。也就是我們經(jīng)常說的“思維”。如果我們按照中國人的語言和文化習(xí)慣去寫,寫出來的文章西方人有時(shí)候是看不明白的。雖然寫作沒有固定格式,以有效表意為核心要素。但不管一開始練習(xí)寫作時(shí)我們的文章布局有多刻板,以后的行文有多自如,有一個(gè)原則是我們從始至終都應(yīng)該把握的,就是自己說的觀點(diǎn),自己要提出論據(jù)來證明。
我們給這種原則起了個(gè)名字,叫橫豎原則。“橫”是大家的觀點(diǎn),“豎”是證明觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。論據(jù)要細(xì)節(jié)化,不要用一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)去證明另一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),用一個(gè)抽象去解釋另一個(gè)抽象。
這里建議大家,一開始寫文章,不要抓個(gè)題目過來就開始寫。一開始寫的題目,最好是有范文的。這樣,你寫完去和范文比較,主要比較邏輯關(guān)系、論證手法、論據(jù)選擇。
寫作有沒有必要背范文呢?你要有時(shí)間有精力背,我也不攔著你。熟讀唐詩三百首,不會(huì)做詩也能吟。你要愿意多背些范文,對寫作肯定有幫助?墒牵绻麖耐度氘a(chǎn)出上比較背誦范文和模仿寫作,后者幫助提高的效果應(yīng)該是更快些。因?yàn)楹笳弑惹罢吒嗅槍π。你能通過寫完之后的比較,更好的發(fā)現(xiàn)自己寫作中或思維上的問題。
寫作有沒有必要背模板呢?基礎(chǔ)弱的、沒法成句的是必須要記一些的,這樣保證在考試緊張時(shí),起碼能完成寫作任務(wù)。這里大家要知道,在大多數(shù)考試評分系統(tǒng)中,如果一篇文章是殘篇,也就是說如果沒寫完,就算前面寫的內(nèi)容再好,文采再好,扣分也是非常重的。
還有同學(xué)問:那是不是用模板寫的文章,就一定得不了高分呢?也不是。我看到過不少考試中的滿分作文也都是模板樣式的。所以大家不用刻意的去使用或回避模板。你如果積累到一定水平之后,自然就會(huì)練就更多的謀篇布局的方式方法。
關(guān)于練習(xí)寫作的素材,如果是要參加某個(gè)考試,就可以選擇相關(guān)的范文從模仿寫作練起。如果是單純?yōu)榱颂岣邔懽髂芰,可以用新概念來練?xí)模仿寫作。不過比用范文練習(xí),會(huì)更費(fèi)時(shí)間。再次強(qiáng)調(diào),一定得找外國人寫的原汁原味的作文范文或英語文章練習(xí)模仿寫作,把主要精力放在謀篇布局和句型結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇上。
如果大家處于時(shí)間緊任務(wù)重的學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)和考試壓力下,建議大量閱讀范文和模仿寫作同步進(jìn)行。在一篇范文中看到的好句子,爭取自己在下一篇的寫作中就把它用出去。
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