全面剖析非言語交流(一)

全面剖析非言語交流(一)

Nonverbal communication - an overview  全面剖析非言語交流
Nonverbal communication (as the term implies) is anything other than words themselves that communicates or affects (positively or negatively) the message "contained" in the words.
非語言交流（顧名思義）任何非語言的事情比語言本身的交流或作用（無論積極還是消極的）消息都“包含”在里面。
Metacommunication is a word used to describe the nonverbal process. Meta is from the Greek and means "beyond" or "in addition to"; hence, metacommunication is something in addition to the communication.
元信息傳遞是用來描述不用語言文字的過程。梅塔來源于希臘，意思是“超越”或“添加”，因此，元信息傳遞是添加了一些元素的交流。
Anything which can be taken into account as relevant to our interpretation of what another is saying or doing beyond the manifest 'content' of what he is saying or doing can be referred to as metacommunication.
任何一些內容可以表明他在說什么或做什么相關的一種“做法或內容”稱之為元信息傳遞。
There are two types of nonverbal communication which we will discuss briefly 'special forms'. You may not have thought of them as forms of nonverbal communication. They are paralanguage and silence.
非言語交流我們可以簡要歸納為二種，我們將簡要地討論一下‘特殊形式’。您可能沒有想到他們會是非語言交流的形式。即副語言和沉默。
Paralanguage 副語言
You may have heard someone say, 'It's not what he said, it's the way he said it."
Inflection can have an effect on the impact of a message; and while inflection is applied to words, it is a nonverbal treatment which can completely change the meaning a person would be expected to attach to the words. Inflections or emphasis applied vocally to a message are known as paralanguage.
你或許會聽說過,“這不是他說的，這是他表達的方式”。 語調的抑揚頓挫對信息有一定的影響；當音調的變化運用到語言上，非言語處理能完全改變一個人的意思。語調的抑揚頓挫被認為是副語言。
Paralanguage sounds just the opposite from the words themselves. Someone may have greeted you with a "good morning!" but the tone of the words revealed that it was anything but a good morning.
副語言的聲音正好同文字本身相反。有人和你打招呼會說“早上好！”但語氣語調卻透露出另一層意思而不是早上好。
There are, of course, some messages which are transmitted entirely in a nonverbal manner through gestures and facial expressions. Pictures of Winston Churchill taken during World War 11 show him communicating encouragement to the people by raising two fingers in the familiar 'V for Victory' sign. Probably each of us has had the experience of making a statement that was greeted either by a raised eyebrow (indicating surprise) or by a wrinkled brow (indicating confusion or doubt).
當然,可以利用非言語方式通過姿態和面部表情傳遞整個信息.溫斯頓丘吉爾在二戰期間所采取的圖片展示了他11日通過提高交流而舉起' V字勝利'手勢鼓勵人民。也許我們每個人有過經驗，一個凸起的眉毛（表示驚訝），或是一個皺眉頭（表示困惑或懷疑）。
And when the school bully took a step toward us with a raised, clenched fist, we got that message in a hurry, too.  
當一校園惡霸捏緊拳頭正要向我們進攻,我們就會很快感受到這種信息。
Silence 沉默
Silence is an important communication tool.
沉默是一個重要的交流工具.
Most of us find an extended period of silence rather oppressive and threatening, and we rush to fill the void with words—usually saying more than we mean to say.
我們會發現當我們受壓抑或受恐嚇的相當一些時間里頭腦是一片空白的, 當我們急于用語言填補空白的話，通常我們說的比所表達的意思還要多.
By using silence at strategic times, you can sometimes get your decoder to reveal certain feelings and attitudes that may be hindering effective communication. It is important that we find out how we are doing in our effort to communicate; we do this through feedback. Silence can be an effective technique to encourage feedback. By silence I mean nonverbal elements held to a minimum.
在關鍵時候沉默，有時可以讓你來破譯某些感情和態度可能會阻礙進行有效的交流。最重要的是我們發現我們是如何努力的交流；我們也可以反饋。沉默也是一種有助于鼓勵反饋的技巧。沉默是最低限度的非語言因素。非言語交流中最容易被忽略的是沉默。
Culture and communication 文化和交流
Webster defines culture as "the characteristic features of a particular stage or state of advancement in civilization."
韋伯斯特定義文化是“一個特定階段或國家文明進步的典型特征”。
 Or, another definition: Culture is the way a people think, act, live, and communicate. Since this article is about communication, it seems helpful or desirable to get the word communication into the definition.
另一個定義：文化是一個民族的思考方式，行動，生活和交流自從關于交流的文章出現，讓我們對理解語言交流的定義有一定幫助。
On the other hand, culture is communication; the two are very much bound together.
A culture develops as the result of interpersonal communication. At the same time, the form, the nature, the makeup of the culture results from the interaction of the people and the place and time in which they live. The "interaction of people" is just another way of saying "communication." Living together, working together, relating to one another is communication. We are always communicating—or attempting to communicate.
另一方面，文化也是交流；二者之間有密切的關系。文化發展的結果促進了人與人之間的交流。與此同時，形式，性質，人們文化生活相互聯系這和他們生活的地方和年代有關 。“人民的相互聯系”僅是另一種 “交流” 的說法。“在一起生活，在一起工作，彼此聯系就是交流。我們一直在交流，或者嘗試著進行交流。
An awareness of the relationship between culture and communication as well as an understanding of the differences between cultures is helpful—and at times essential—in communicating successfully.
編者說文化與交流的關系對理解一些不同文化是有幫助的，對成功的交流是必不可少的。Perhaps the simplest way to explain culture and its relationship to communication is to say that people are different—we live, work, and play in different societies, environments, and climates, and we adapt to these in different ways. We are talking here not just about regional differences in our own country, but about even greater differences which are found in the numerous cultures of the world.
也許用最簡單的方法來解釋文化和交流之間的關系是說，每個人都是不同的，我們的生活，工作，并且生活在不同的社會，環境和氣候條件下，我們能以不同的方法來適應這一切。我們這里所說的不僅僅是我們自己國家的地區差異，也包含世界眾多的文化存在的差異。
As a result of living in different societies, environments, and climates, people develop special needs, acquire habits and customs peculiar to themselves, and have experiences (and since words are the names we give to our experiences, we have language differences, too) which, in general, result in particular patterns and methods and forms of expression and relating (communicating) with one another. Many examples of this could be given.
People in a warm, tropical climate, for example, live quite differently from people in a northern urban area of Europe.
由于在不同的社會，環境和氣候條件下生活，人類發展的特殊需求，形成自己獨特的習慣，我們有經驗（自從用文字做名字，我們有自己的經驗，我們在語言上的差異太大），在一般情況下，導致特定的模式和方法和表達形式都和彼此之間的交流有關。有很多例子可以說明。生活在溫暖的熱帶氣候的人，和生活在歐洲城市北部地區的人完全不同。
We need to know about people and their background if we are to understand their communications. This has important implications for when you may find yourself doing business in a foreign country. It is important that you become acquainted with the local culture and be prepared to follow its rules while you are doing business there. For example, in some Latin American countries, men stand quite close together when talking—much closer than we stand in many western countries. If you, as a Western business executive, were to find yourself in this situation, find the closeness uncomfortable, and back away, you would very likely offend your Latin American business friend.
如果我們要和他們交流我們就需要先了解他們及其背景，當自己在為國外企業工作的話你會發現這對你是很重要的。當你在當地工作你需要熟悉那里的文化并做好準備愿意遵守它。例如，在一些拉丁美洲,男子在談話時會站得非常近,比我們和西方國家的人站得還要近得多,如果你是一個西方企業主管,你會發覺在這種場合你會感覺很不習慣,會不由自主地往后退,你就會得罪了你拉丁美洲的商務合作伙伴.
Your action would probably create a communication barrier because you would appear "coldand stand-offish" to your Latin American counterpart.
你的行為會導致交流的障礙,因為你對拉丁美洲商務伙伴表現出一種“高傲”行為。
Remember that people do things differently. Remember, too, that people communicate in terms of their own experiences. Do not be offended (and communicate offensively) when something out of the ordinary happens. The situation may appear unusual to your frame of reference because it is not within the range of your experience; the situation may be perfectly "normal" to everyone else.
記住人們所做的不同的事情.記住別人在交流自己的經驗.不能隨意打斷（語言攻擊）。當出現非正常情況.因為這些情況不在你的經驗范圍內你就會覺得這些事情非常異常.這些情況對于每個人來說并不是都不太尋常的.
It is small wonder that we seem always to be surrounded by wars and rumours of wars. In addition to the barriers of human behaviour and language, our communication attempts also are complicated by cultural barriers (which actually are linked with language).
Many cultural differences take the form of nonverbal communications. The nonverbal area is relatively new and still is being studied and developed; however, most of us have had enough experience to be aware of its existence and importance. One must be careful to keep this area in perspective and to consider nonverbal elements as only a part of the total communication effort—while the nonverbal may be important, it is not always the whole story. If a person frowns while listening to you speak, it may indicate doubt or disagreement; on the other hand, the person may have a headache or the light may be bothersome. It is important for you to remain alert to nonverbal signals, but it is also essential that you decode them accurately.
有點點奇怪的是我們總是被戰爭和戰爭的傳言所圍繞。除了人類的行為和語言障礙,我們試圖克服更復雜化的文化障礙, （這實際上是與語言密切相聯）。許多文化差異都容入了非言語交流方式,非言語領域是相對新型的仍在研究和開發中；但是,我們大部人都有足夠的經驗認識它的存在和重要性.我們必須認真對待這一領域并考慮非言語元素作為交流一部分的作用這是比較重要的.這不一定是全部的故事。如果一個人一邊聽你說話一邊不停皺眉頭,這就代表他有疑問或是持有不相同的意見,另一方面,這個人會頭痛或有些少麻煩. 重要的是你要保持警覺，非言語信號.但同樣重要的是你能精確的的破譯判斷。
Body language 肢體語言
Probably the best-known type of nonverbal communication, at least to the layperson, is body language. 
也許非語言交流最出色的類型，至少在外行人看來是肢體語言。
Body language is also known as kinesics. A pioneer in the field, Ray Birdwhistell (Ray L. Birdwhistell, Kinesics and Context. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970, p. 80.), writes, "The isolation of gestures and the attempt to understand them led to the most important findings of kinesic research. This original study of gestures gave the first indication that kinesic structure is parallel to language structure. By the study of gestures in context, it became clear that the kinesic system has forms which are astonishingly like words in language."
肢體語言也被認為是手勢語，在這一領域中最卓越的是伯德惠斯戴爾，費城的賓夕法尼亞大學出版社，1970年，第80頁寫道，“手勢的隔離試圖理解他們以致發現了重要的手勢研究，最初的手勢語研究最先標明手勢的構造同語言的構造是相類似的。從手勢語的語境看越來越清析的覺得手勢語的系統方式同文字語言是如此驚人的相似。
Researchers have observed people involved in the communication process. They have studied body language and other nonverbal behaviour, and they have then related or identified these actions with actual content of the message being transmitted. The result is a dictionary of body language meanings.
研究人員觀察到人們專注于交流過程。他們會學習肢體語言和其他非言語行為。他們會證明和確認相關動作和實際信息內容之間的傳遞。這就是詞典對肢體語言的闡釋。
Both encoder and decoder send nonverbal messages as part of the total communication process.
編碼和破譯發送非言語信息作為交流渠道的一部分
The nonverbal messages of the encoder tend to reveal the degree of presence or absence of sincerity, honesty, conviction, ability, and qualifications; body language reveals a lot about the encoder and this person's attitude and feelings about the message being transmitted.
編碼發送的非言語信息往往揭示缺少存在程度或誠意的，誠實，信念，能力同素質。肢體語言揭示了許多有關編碼同這個人的情況和感覺信息的傳遞。
body language of the decoders also reveals a lot about them and their feelings; but most important, it frequently tells the encoder the extent to which the decoders are accepting or not accepting the message.
肢體語言的破譯也揭示了許多關于他們的感情；但最重要的是，它頻繁告訴編碼在何種程度上的破譯是接受或不接受信息。
In other words, body language provides instant feedback to the encoder and answers the question, "How am I doing?" It is this instant feedback which makes face-to-face communication such an effective form of communication.
換句話說，肢體語言提供即時的反饋給編碼和解決問題，“我該怎么做？”正是這種即時的反饋讓面對面交流成為交流的一種有效形式。
Whether we are aware of it or not, each of us spends a lot of time decoding body language. We observe a wrinkled forehead, a raised eyebrow, a tug on the ear, fingers tapping on the table top, legs crossed and uncrossed, arms crossed over the chest. These movements should be considered in relation to the message itself; however, many times the nonverbal communications come through louder than the words that are actually being spoken.
Have you ever found yourself in a difficult situation and realized that you were shifting your weight in the chair? Or running a finger around the inside of your collar? Or clearing your throat nervously? Nonverbal communication frequently reveals the emotional side of our communications.
我們是否有發覺，我們每個人都花費大量時間了解肢體語言。我們觀察我們的前額，微微上翹的眉毛，像船一樣的耳朵，手指在桌面上輕敲，雙腿時而交叉時而分開。雙臂交叉在胸前。這些動作都表示了一些自身信息。然而，非言語交流大多數時候比語言交流更好。你是否發現你在不舒服的情況下會在椅子上動一動？或是用手整理里面的衣領？或是清清嗓子？非言語交流經常展現了我們交流中的情感。
A favourite sport of many is "people watching." While waiting in an airport terminal, have you ever observed the crowd and tried to imagine the occupation, the problems, and the thoughts of various people? Have you observed an individual's dress and tried to conclude something about the person? Have you observed gestures, facial expressions, and manner of walk and tried to guess the nature of the topic under discussion?
最喜歡的事情是“看人”當你在機場大廳等待，你有沒有會觀察周圍人群并試圖想象他們的職業，各種問題，不同人的想法？你有沒有觀察個人的演講，并試圖推測有關他的一些事情？你有沒有觀察手勢，面部表情，以及走路的方式并試圖猜測所討論專題的性質？
To be a good reader of body language requires that you sharpen your powers of observation and perception.
想要更好解讀肢體語言你必須提升你的觀察力和洞察力。
Observation is a form of decoding, and your ability in this area can be increased by three factors: education, awareness, and need.
觀察力是破譯的一種形式，你可以從三個方面提升你的能力：教育，提高認識和需求。
Education and awareness are interrelated. Through education, a person becomes aware of more things. in other words, a person knows what to look for; therefore, a person is more likely to observe it, to decode it. Likewise, realizing a need for something makes a person ready and eager to acquire it. If you have ever tried to find a certain house number in a strange neighbourhood, you know that you were probably more alert and aware than usual; you saw things you had not seen before because you had a need to observe and to find the house number.
教育和提高認識是相互關聯的。通過教育，可以讓一個人認識更多的事情。換句話說，一個人知道要尋找什么；那么他會更多地觀察這方面的情況，去破譯。同樣，認識到自己的需求你就會渴望擁有它。如果你曾經試圖在一個陌生街區尋找固定門牌號碼，你就會比平常更加警惕和認真；你會看到你以前沒有看過的東西因為你需要觀察和尋找門牌號碼。
Perception has to do with your ability to observe, to remain alert, and to extract from a given communication incident the 'realities' of the situation (recognizing, of course, that reality is different for each of us). You must try to take from the communication verbal and nonverbal messages which are similar for both encoder and decoder. While encoding your message, you must be decoding the body language of the decoder. (Communication is indeed a continuous processl)
用你的感知能力觀察，并保持警覺，從一個給定的交流事件提取'客觀的真實性'的情況（認識，當然，現實是我們每個人都不同）。你應該認為語言和非語言的交流同編碼和破譯相類似。你的信息在編碼時，您必須破譯的肢體語言。 （通訊的確是一個連續的過程)
Whilst mastery of communication techniques is important, it is essential that the encoder be sensitive to the human relations aspects in the communication process, and these human elements are often revealed vividly in body language and other nonverbal communication.
而精確的交流技術很重要，但在通信過程中至關重要的是編碼在人與人之間的關系方面要敏感，這些人性的元素往往在肢體語言和其他非語言交流表現的淋漓盡致。
The sooner you, as encoder, receive feedback in the form of a body language message, the sooner you can switch to a more effective encoding technique if necessary.
如果必要的話作為編碼越早接收到一個肢體語言的反饋信息，就能越早切換到一個更有效的編碼技術。
Eyes 目光
Probably everyone has had some experience with eyes as nonverbal communicators. Most of us have been stared at and have wondered why. Was it curiosity or ill manners? Or perhaps the starer had poor vision and was merely trying to get us in focus. But then there is the possibility the observer found us attractive and interesting and was issuing an invitation to get better acquainted. Most of us have decoded "eye language" even if we did not know about body language or nonverbal communication.
也許每個人都曾用目光進行非語言交流的經驗。我們中的大多數都曾被注視著，我們想要知道為什么。是出于好奇心還是不禮貌？或者是他視力不佳只是試圖把我們看的更清楚。而此這的觀察有可能發現我們是有吸引力和趣味性的便會發出邀請對我們作進一步了解。我們中的大多數已經破譯“目光語言”即使我們根本不了解肢體語言和非言語交流.
 There are numerous messages that can be sent with the eyes, but the stare is the most important technique a person has. In our culture one does not stare at another person—one stares at things. Therefore, a stare can have a devastating effect because it reduces a person to nonhuman status.
有許多信息是能用目光傳遞的,但注視是人們擁有最重要的技巧.在我們的文化中你不注視著一個人而是只注視著一件物體, 這種注視會讓人很傷心因為降低了他對自己的自信心。                   
There is an endless number of messages which can be sent when one thinks of eyes combined with different positions and movements of the eyelids and eyebrows. As with all forms of nonverbal communication, messages sent by the eyes should be decoded in terms of the words accompanying them.
有無數的信息是通過目光和不同的姿態與眼皮和眉毛的活動形成的.所有這些都是非言語交流.信息可以通過目光和語言共同來傳遞。
Hands, arms and legs  手，手臂和腿
How can anyone hope to communicate without using hands and arms? And even legs are for something besides walking.
任何人如何希望不使用手和手臂來進行交流?甚至腿除了步行還可以做一些其他事。
No doubt each of us knows someone who "talks with his or her hands. Some people punctuate communications with such extravagant gestures that it is extremely dangerous to get too close to their nonverbal exclamations. Do you know people who during a conversation or a card game drum or tap incessantly with their finger tips? Are there people you know who constantly click the on-off switch of their ballpoint pens? Do you know people who frequently "pop" their knuckles? Do you notice individuals who tap their feet, who cross and uncross their legs, or who cross their legs and then swing their crossed legs back and forth?
毫無疑問我們每個人都知道“和他或她交談需要用手”.有些人會使用過分夸大的姿勢加強交流以達到非言語感嘆.你知道人們在交談或玩紙牌游戲時最需要用他們的指尖嗎? 你知道有人不斷按他們的圓珠筆開關嗎？你知道有些人經常活動他們的關節嗎?你有沒有注意一些獨特的人經常“輕敲“他們的腳.他們的雙腿時而交叉時而分開.時而擺動雙腿來回交叉。
What do these nonverbal messages tell you? Is the person nervous? Insecure? Bored? Thinking? Happy? Craving attention? A nuisance? Perhaps the messages mean nothing. On the other hand, if nonverbal signs reveal the emotional side of a communication, it is often important for you to try to determine what message is being transmitted along with the verbal one. Sometimes they are the same; other times they are drastically different.
Many people are devoting their entire life to the study of body language. Body language is an interesting, fascinating area of nonverbal communication; much remains to be learned about it. By becoming a better observer, by sharpening your powers of perception, and by knowing as much as possible about your audience (decoders), you should be able to translate more accurately nonverbal and verbal messages.
這些非言語信息告訴你什么呢?是人們感到緊張嗎?不安嗎?無聊嗎?思考嗎?高興嗎?渴望關注嗎?討厭的東西嗎?或許這些信息什么都沒表示.從另一方面理解,如果非言語符號展現交談的一種情感.這是非常重要的你可以嘗試確定哪些信息是被口頭傳遞.有時他們的意思是一樣的；有時它們的意思又截然不同.許多人都用他們畢生的時間研究肢體語言。肢體語言是一種非常有趣的，迷人的非言語交流；我們堅持不懈地去學習。通過提高你的感知能力，加強你的洞察力，盡可能多地了解你的觀眾（破譯），你就能更準確地破譯更多非言語信息和語言信息。

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