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詞組堆迭句及其在翻譯中的應用
[摘要]本文針對漢語中的詞組堆迭句，通過英漢對比的途徑，分析它的特點、修辭效果及其所體現的漢語語言特征，并結合具體實踐，探討它在英漢翻譯中的應用。
[關鍵詞]詞組堆迭句 英漢對比 英漢翻譯
Ⅰ.Introduction
Translation bridges two languagesand contrastive studies are involved inevitably in this performance.It can be said that translation is a process of comparison between the source language and the target language，followed by an elaborate reconstruction of word orders and meanings while trying to maintain the equivalent effects on readers.It's of great importance and necessity to translate in accordance with the characteristics of the receptor language.
Here emphasis will be placed on phrase-sentence relationship.Chinese is a non-inflected language and phrases are constructed into sentences through an orderly arrangement of meaning and logic，while English is a synthetic-analytic language and phrases must go through certain change of forms and abide by certain syntactic rules.In short，the phrase-sentence relation in Chinese is that of realization，instead of composition in English language.This thesis focuses on one type of Chinese sentences——paratactic phrause multipler and intends to explore its beauty and application in English-Chinese translation.
Ⅱ.Paratactic Phrause Multipler
1.Definition
Phrause is a clause containing one and only one phrase.In Chinese a phrase can function as a sentence simply by adding certain intonation.Here phrases refer mainly to four-word ones，including the typical subject-predicate structure clauses.
Example 1：There are white clouds in the sky and the sun is shining.白云朵朵，陽光燦爛。
Paratactic phrause multipler is a multiple sentence constructed by the placing of phrauses one after another without coordinating or subordinating connectives.
Example 2：A few of the pictures are worth mentioning both for their technical excellence and interesting content.有些照片技術高超，內容有趣，值得一提。
2.Classification
According to the semantic functions of rhemes，paratactic phrause multiplers can be classified into three different patterns—theme—comment，theme-description and theme-explanation，which give respectively a comment to，a description of，and an explanation to its own theme.Example 2 is the theme-comment structure while the following two examples are respectively theme-description type and theme-explanation type.
Example 3：My aunt was a lady of large frame，strong mind，and great resolution； she was what might be termed a very manly woman.My uncle was a thin，puny little man，very meek and acquiescent，and no match for my aunt.我姨體格健壯，意志堅強，做事果斷，是那種被譽為有男子漢氣概的女人。我姨父身體單薄，弱不禁風，逆來順受，跟我姨一點也不般配。
Example 4：Action is equal to reaction，but it acts in a contrary direction.作用與反作用力大小相等，方向相反。
Ⅲ.Application in Translation
Rhetorically it enjoys certain advantages—concise，diffusive，fluent and musical.In translating its concise fluency and musical rhythm can polish the version and proper employment might bring good effects.And its adoption is associated with various translating skills——coherence，grammatical unit shifting，structure change and the like.Here are provided a diversity of situations where it might play a part，and at the same time presents an analysis of its rhetoric effects.
1.Long and Impersonal Subject
Example 5：Its gleaming sand and backdrop of pine woods and distant hills give it a pleasant and restful atmosphere.這兒沙灘閃爍，松林掩映，遠山連綿，自有一種心曠神怡的氣氛。The underlined part is the long and impersonal subject.Here beauty of the translation is clearly on paper with vivid and faithful expressions.The version has preserved a joyful rhetorical appeal though the sentence structures are by no means kept.The original simple sentence is converted into a paratactic phrause multipler and the three nominal phrases used as subject are changed into subject-predicate phrauses，producing a dynamic impact.This transformation caters for the dynamic as well as diffusive tendency in the Chinese language without weakening the original effects.
2.Predicate
In English verbs，nouns and adjectives can all form part of predicate and sometimes they can be translated into paratactic phrause multipler.
Example 6：All is far-fetched，dear-bought，artificial，oriental in subject and allusion； all is mechanical，conventional，vapid，formal，pedantic in style and execution.從題材到典故，一切都牽強附會，華美離奇，匠氣十足，得不償失；從文風到手法，也都機械呆板，陳陳相因，索然寡味，拘泥形式，裝腔作勢。
Example 7：Mother jawed and cried.母親嘮嘮叨叨，哭哭啼啼。
Example 8：They are elegant of dress，free with money，vague as to their antecedents.他們衣著漂亮，花錢大方，來歷不明。
3.Prepositional Phrase
Example 9：It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land.蜜蜂無言，春花不語，海波聲咽，大地音沉，這日子是如此安靜。Here information has to be broken into pieces to create four-word phrauses：“silences” is interpreted into four words，sharing the same meaning——“無言”“不語”“聲咽”“音沉”.
4.Separate Construction
Shift of grammatical units and adjustment of orders are also often involved in the transference of separate construction into paratactic phrause multipler.
Example 10：I think often of my father——young，unknown，eager.我時常想父親，他朝氣蓬勃，默默無聞，滿腔熱忱。In the example，explanatory words are translated into paratactic phrause multiplers to describe the qualities of the references.
5.Attributive Clause
Example 11：but sometimes in summer there are days when the restlessness of the tides and the fearful cold of the sea water and the incessant wind which blows across the afternoon and into the evening make me wish for the placidity of a lake in the woods.但夏天里總有那么幾天，潮汐洶涌澎湃，海水陰森冷酷，海風日夜不休，這令我多么思慕林中湖水的平靜。
6.Multiple Sentences
Grammatically，equality lies between the original multiple sentence and the intended version，though changes may also take place，for instance，logic order，connective devices etc.
Example 12：There were cottages sprinkled around the shores，and it was in farming country although the shores of the lake were quite heavily wooded.湖濱四周是農墾鄉村，別墅星綴，林木從生。The original clauses are condensed into phrauses due to their highly generality.Accordingly conciseness and simplicity are more outstanding.Another point is that adjustment of word/clause orders is essential to meet the need of fluent phrauses.
From the previous examples it can be found that phrauses in the translation are not born naturally y of the original messages.Some procedures must be taken to create them，including：a) Reorganization of word orders； b) Separation of oneness of information into components； c) Transformation of such structures as more than one nouns (nominal phrases)，or adjectives (adjective phrases) etc.，which are joined together by colon，“and” or some other connectives.Due to historical factors and unique linguistic characters，Chinese has plenty of four-word structures and they are much more favored by Chinese people.Accordingly it may be better if translation can follow this style of the target language.
Ⅳ.Variation in Translation
On the other hand，overuse of paratactic phrause multiplers might result in a sense of monotony.Modern rhetoric prefers an alternate usage of them with longer sentences.Compare：
Example 13：On one of those sober and rather melancholy days in the latter part of autumn，when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together，and throw a gloom over the decline of the year，I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abbey.
Version A：在晚秋黯淡而悲哀的一天，當曙光和夜色幾乎混而為一，將這年終醞釀成一片凄涼的時分，我在那威治明士院里徘徊，消磨了幾個小時的光陰。
Version B：時方晚秋，氣象肅穆，略帶憂郁，早晨的陰影和黃昏的陰影，幾乎連接在一起，不可分別，歲云將暮，終日黃昏，我就在這么一天，到西敏寺去散步了幾個小時。
Version A adopts long sentences，but it seems wordy，oracular and tedious； while in Version B phrauses and longer sentences merge into a vivid and colorful picture.
Furthermore，stylistic specialty of the original message is of primary consideration in the application of paratactic phrause multipler.More or less phrauses displays a classical flavor，which，if not properly used，may turn antiquated and unsuitable.
Example 14：
(1) A school of minnows swam by，each minnows with its small individual shadows，doubling the attendance，so clear and sharp in the sunlight.
(2) 潭中魚可百許頭，皆若空游無所依，日光下澈，影布石上……
These two sentences share the same subject and point of view as well as descriptive words，producing nearly equivalent effects.However，if sentence (1) is translated as sentence (2)，it shall not be acceptable even because the former is modern prose while the latter is ancient Chinese prose.
Generally in modern prose it will be better to avoid long passage of paratactic phrause multipler.Yet sometimes it can be adopted to produce unique rhetoric effects.
Ⅴ.Conclusion
Paratactic phrause multipler is a typical Chinese structure.It reflects the characters of Chinese sentences——diffusive，paratactic，flexible and more or less dynamic.It has found application in various situations，which may contribute to the goodness of translation.
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